Implicit and explicit risk perception, affect, and trust : an investigation of food "traffic lights"

Obesity is a health problem in many developed countries and is a growing problem worldwide. In an effort to improve food choices the "traffic lights" nutritional labelling system has been developed. This system informs consumers of the relative (low, medium, high) levels of fat, saturated fats, sugar, and salt, along with energy information. There is debate over what type of thought processing drives perceptions of affect (or emotion) and risk regarding food products. These are System 1 (quick, intuitive) processing and System 2 (slower, deliberative) processing. In order to capture data on both types of processing, we used explicit and implicit measures (we developed an implicit measure of risk for this study). We also investigated the relationships of risk with affect, and trust. The results showed the presence of food "traffic lights" sometimes influenced both risk and affect perceptions but this was more pronounced for explicit measures. We also found that high risk was associated with negative affect, and low risk with positive affect, with larger effects when the “traffic lights” were present. We concluded that "traffic lights" can influence risk perception at both explicit and implicit levels but the influence was stronger if either the risk information was clear or the person was consciously evaluating the risk. Future research was discussed

The Labour Supply of Sex Workers in Cape Town

Traditional labour economics predicts that the supply of labour will increase as earnings increase. However, labour supply need not be positive, especially if workers make decisions based on short-term income targets. Income targeting may best describe jobs where workers decide on working hours and where wages are uncorrelated across days. This paper examines the labour supply of sex workers in Cape Town, whose working conditions largely fulfill these criteria. Contrary to traditional economic theory, we find evidence of a negative labour supply curve.Labour supply, sex workers, hyperbolic discounting

Ethical Decision-Making Examined in Greek Letter Organization Members: A Case Study

This examination of the ethical decision-making employed by a group of fraternity men utilized a case study approach to illustrate the processes by which the men reached decisions and the impact of influences upon their decisions. The information gained was examined through the conceptual framework of Bertram Gallant and Kalichman’s (2011) systems approach by which the behaviors of university actors are considered through four nested layers of influence. Fraternity men were studied at a small, liberal arts university in the southeastern United States. Through a process of interviews with the men, their chapter advisors, and applicable university staff, the researcher sought to better understand the ethical frameworks that the men used. The interview responses provided by participants were further considered in the context of documentary evidence by way of instructions from the institution and fraternities, and observational data gleaned from the campus and relevant social media. The investigation noted that while the fraternities and university espoused lofty and important ethical goals, that those expectations were not always, or even often, lived in daily practice. There was evidence of a lack of congruence amongst the decisions of the men and the perspectives of both their fraternity leadership and the university. This lack of congruence was relevant when implications for further research and practice were developed. Due to the single-case design of this study, implications are recognized to be inherently limited. They are, however, a starting point for future consideration. As such, the author encourages further exploration of the guidance provided to students regarding their ethical decision-making and to practitioners in how they effectively provide guidance that is both applied and in congruence with broader university statements, policies, and practice. Through continued work, it is hoped that researchers and practitioners may enhance and improve students’ ethical decision-making

The Effects of Paternal Figures\u27 Parenting Style and Involvement on Masculinity and Coping Styles for Sons

Of the three parenting styles created by Baumrind (1966), the authoritarian style has been largely associated with fathers due to previously reinforced unhealthy masculine norms. However, there has been a change in masculine behaviors and ideology in which fathers have taken on a more nurturing role (Lin & Billingham, 2014). Specifically, the son\u27s coping style and masculinity will vary greatly depending on the paternal figures’ behavior during childhood and further (Addis & Cohane, 2005; Cherry & Gerstein, 2021). One hundred and fifty participants were recruited to take part in this study that is examining paternal gender role conflict and parenting styles on different outcomes for the son. ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of the paternal parenting style on the son’s coping style and gender role conflict. Regressions and correlations were used to examine the effects of paternal involvement and gender role conflict of the paternal figure in addition to the son\u27s conflict and coping styles. The results did not support the hypothesis that parenting styles make a difference, but that gender role conflict and paternal engagement did appear to have an impact on the son\u27s gender role conflict and coping style. The implications of how the father-son relationship should be examined in future research are discussed due to the contradicting results compared to the past literature

Quantifying Operational Constraints of Low-Latency Telerobotics for Planetary Surface Operations

NASA's SLS and Orion crew vehicle will launch humans to cislunar space to begin the new era of space exploration. NASA plans to use the Orion crew vehicle to transport humans between Earth and cislunar space where there will be a stationed habitat known as the Deep Space Gateway (DSG). The proximity to the lunar surface allows for direct communication between the DSG and surface assets, which enables low-latency telerobotic exploration. The operational constraints for telerobotics must be fully explored on Earth before being utilized on space exploration missions. We identified two constraints on space exploration using low-latency surface telerobotics and attempts to quantify these constraints. A constraint associated with low-latency surface telerobotics is the bandwidth available between the orbiting command station and the ground assets. The bandwidth available will vary during operation. As a result, it is critical to quantify the operational video conditions required for effective exploration. We designed an experiment to quantify the threshold frame rate required for effective exploration. The experiment simulated geological exploration via low-latency surface telerobotics using a COTS rover in a lunar analog environment. The results from this experiment indicate that humans should operate above a threshold frame rate of 5 frames per second. In a separate, but similar experiment, we introduced a 2.6 second delay in the video system. This delay recreated the latency conditions present when operating rovers on the lunar farside from an Earth-based command station. This time delay was compared to low-latency conditions for teleoperation at the DSG ($\leq$0.4 seconds). The results from this experiment show a 150% increase in exploration time when the latency is increased to 2.6 seconds. This indicates that such a delay significantly complicates real-time exploration strategies.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1706.0375